Abstract
Passive RF and microwave integrated circuits are made up of distributed elements, lumped elements, or combinations of both these types of elements. Distributed elements consist of segments of transmission lines of the different types that we have discussed in the preceding chapters. These transmission-line segments can be of various lengths, ranging from small fractions of the guide wavelength to several wavelengths. In this chapter, primary lumped elements, which by definition are small in size in comparison with the guide wavelength in any transmission line that may be associated with them are considered. In applications where it is possible to utilize lumped elements, the advantages are usually small dimensions, wideband characteristics, and low production cost. Their drawback is the lower power-handling capability as compared with distributed circuits. The influence of discontinuities on parameters grows with an increase in operating frequency, because physical dimensions of discontinuities become commensurable with wavelength in a transmission line.
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