Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is twofold: (i) to present equations to calculate changes in internal energy, ΔU, enthalpy, ΔH, and entropy, ΔS, (ii) to show how to apply these equations to problems involving closed, steady-state flow, and open systems. For liquids and solids, these equations are obtained by integrating the equations representing differential changes in internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy in terms of the coefficient of thermal expansion, β, and isothermal compressibility, κ, since these parameters are weak functions of temperature and pressure. In the case of gases, evaluations of the changes in ΔU, ΔH, and ΔS using departure functions are presented for the virial equation of state, cubic equations of state (van der Waals, Redlich–Kwong, Soave–Redlich–Kwong, and Peng–Robinson), and Lee–Kesler generalized correlation.
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