Abstract
Abstract The three vertical segments of the world's oceans, composed of (1) the upper surface currents, (2) the middle deep-water masses, and (3) the lower bottom currents, form a vertical continuum. Four types of deep-water bottom currents, namely (1) thermohaline-induced geostrophic bottom currents (i.e., contour currents), (2) wind-driven bottom currents, (3) deep-water tidal bottom currents, and (4) baroclinic currents (internal tides), are discussed. A distinctive attribute of bottom-current reworked sands is their traction structures (e.g., horizontal laminae, ripple laminae, and cross–laminae). Deepwater tidalites, which develop in submarine canyons, are characterized by rhythmic bedding, double mud layers, sigmoidal cross-bedding, and mud-draped ripples. The contourite facies model and the bedform-velocity matrix for deep-water bottom currents are unsustainable. Seismic facies and geometries are unreliable for distinguishing individual types of bottom-current reworked sands in the ancient record.
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