Abstract

Abstract In the last decade, the efficiency of DNA sequencing has increased dramatically, making it possible to sequence the entire human genome and genomes of many other organisms. This advance featured the development of sensitive fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based dye terminators, DNA polymerases that incorporate these terminators very efficiently and high-throughput capillary electrophoresis instruments. Further improvements may be obtained using improved FRET dyes and charge-modified nucleotides for “direct-loading” of sequencing reaction products. The chemistry of FRET-based dye-nucleotide terminators, charge-modified nucleotides (negative as well as positive) and terminal phosphate-labeled nucleotides for DNA sequencing is discussed in this review.

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