Abstract
The role multidrug resistance efflux pumps (MDREPs) play in clinical antibiotic resistance is well understood but our understanding of their role in different environments such as hydrocarbon remediation, corrosion, agriculture, and aquaculture is far less comprehensive. Initially discovered for their role in antibiotic resistances, these proteins have broad substrate profiles which are specific yet promiscuous. The substrates range from antibiotics, antiseptics, fluoroquinolones, biocides, toxic and DNA intercalating dyes, and heavy metals. Here, we overview the families of MDREPs and discuss the role of the MDREPs in these diverse environments and how they impact mitigation strategies and animal stock handling practices. We look into which specific genes are expressed in which environment and the key methods used in these studies. We also discuss the state of research in this emerging field as it applies to environmental studies and branches beyond clinical studies and the challenges faced therein.
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