Abstract
Sex differences in neurophysiology and behavior are crucial to the understanding of neurological diseases. Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, anxiety, and depression are just a few of the known sexually dimorphic neurological disorders in terms of prevalence, symptom presentation, disease progression, etc. Steroid hormones, particularly estrogen, are thought to play a protective role in some of these diseases. Thus, it is pertinent to understand how steroid hormones affect the central and peripheral nervous systems in order to uncover the underlying mechanisms involved in these diseases. Steroid hormones act on sexually dimorphic brain regions, including several nuclei of the hypothalamus, to influence neuronal signaling (eg, neurotransmitter systems), physiological functions of the body, and sexually dimorphic behaviors like mating and aggression. This chapter discusses the roles of steroid hormones including estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone in neuronal signaling, body functions, behavior, and neurological disease.
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