Abstract
Group 4 elements titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), and hafnium (Hf) have outermost electronic configuration as (n−1)d2 ns2 and these exist mostly in +4 oxidation state. They form coordination compounds in this state. Some of these complexes exhibited luminescent behavior mostly due to metal-to-ligand charge transfer. There is a great potential in such complexes for their use as photosensitizer, sensor, solar cells, imaging microscopy, light emitting diodes, and photocatalytic generation of hydrogen from water and also in degradation of wastewater containing different organic contaminants. There is also scope for use of these complexes in photodynamic therapy, particularly hafnium complexes. This has been discussed in detail in this chapter.
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