Abstract
Etiology of childhood obesity and diabetes are multidimensional and environmental, comprising dietary, lifestyle, pathological, and genetic factors. This chapter focuses on the significance of diet as a consequent factor for childhood obesity and diabetes, especially through its action on gut microbiota maturation starting from infancy. The chapter also discusses existing approaches to exploit beneficial microbes to modulate the composition of the gut microbiota and thereby restrain energy harvest efficiency. Growing evidence shows that childhood obesity and diabetes are associated with alterations in the intestinal microbiome. Furthermore, experimental as well as clinical data demonstrate that modulation of the microbiota with prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics decreases fat accumulation and insulin resistance. Therefore the purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview on the role of gut microbiota in energy balance and obesity, as well as diabetes. The promising role of prebiotics and probiotics in optimizing body weight and composition recognizes them as novel nutraceuticals for the prevention and management of childhood obesity, as well as diabetes.
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