Abstract
Rice is the staple food for over half the world's population. It provides about 20% of the global dietary energy supply to humans. Arsenic contamination of groundwater in many South (S) and Southeast (SE) Asian countries, the arsenic hot spots in the world, and irrigation with arsenic-contaminated groundwater in rice cultivation has resulted in high arsenic accumulation in rice grains. In addition, cooking rice with arsenic-contaminated water increases its burden in cooked rice. In arsenic-endemic S and SE Asian countries, rice is regarded as one of the major sources of arsenic exposure. The major fraction of arsenic in Asian rice is inorganic arsenic (iAs) species. The toxicity, bioavailability, and bioaccessibility of iAs is the highest among arsenic species. Therefore, Asian rice is considered to be a health hazard for the population of this region as well as for the populations of other regions who consume imported rice from arsenic-contaminated Asian countries.
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