Abstract
The human gut is the greatest harbor of the microbial population. They produce various bioactive components for physiological and nutritional benefits. Commensal bacteria are important for the maintenance of intestinal integrity, prevention of intestinal pathogens, and neutralization of toxins. The gut microbiota improves the innate and adaptive immunity of the host. It elicits an immune response through microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns and pattern recognition receptors of the immune cells. Alteration in the intestinal microbial population disrupts the intestinal barrier and causes gastrointestinal disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cancers. Prebiotics are the nondigestible fermentable sugars that selectively advance the growth of probiotic organisms. Probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., and others) are recognized as health promotional immunomodulatory agents. They restrict obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, neural disorders, and cancer development. The significant functions of prebiotics and probiotics on immunomodulation are mediated by production of short-chain fatty acids, maturation and activation of dendritic and T cells, modulation of the cytokine profile, secretion of immunoglobulin A, and regulation of the inflammatory response. This chapter focuses on the impact of dysbiosis and the role of prebiotics and probiotics in gut immunosurveillance.
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