Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has prolonged survival in patients with advanced malignancies. Antibodies that block cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD1) or its ligand (PD-L1) are commonly used to treat cancer. Immune-related adverse events (IRAEs) can be seen with these agents, including endocrine IRAEs. Hypophysitis, thyroid dysfunction, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus following ICI therapy have distinctive presentations. This chapter describes the mechanism of ICI treatment as well as the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of endocrinopathies associated with these immunotherapies.
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