Abstract
This chapter discusses some of fifteen techniques that are covered with the basic principles for each, descriptions of commercial instruments, and their uses as online analyzers. Measurement of the absorption of infrared radiation enables the quantity of many gases in a complex gas mixture to be measured in an industrial environment. The chapter briefly describes the absorption and reflection techniques, and automatic techniques: emission, absorption, and fluorescence. Atomic emission spectroscopy is one of the oldest of techniques employed for trace analysis. Because of its relative simplicity, sensitivity, and ability to provide qualitative information quickly, it has been widely used in both industrial and academic analytical problems. It can be used for the analysis of metals, powders, and liquids and is used extensively in the steel and nonferrous alloy industries; the advent of inductively coupled plasma sources for producing spectra has made the technique invaluable for the analysis of some 70 elements in solution—down to concentrations of 1 ppb and less.
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