Chapter 22 - Genes in Skeletal Muscle Remodeling and Impact of Feeding: Molecular and Cellular Aspects

Abstract

Skeletal muscle is highly plastic and exhibits a wide spectrum of adaptations in response to different environmental and physiological stimuli, including physical activity or different types of exercise, muscle disuse, immobilization, denervation, and microgravity. After the initial acute responses to the stimuli, skeletal muscle remodeling can take place to achieve sustainable signaling and structural adaptations in order to accommodate specific physiological requirements. Positive skeletal remodeling typically occurs following increased physical activity or exercise. Negative remodeling can occur with decreased physical activity, as well as in many disease conditions, such as various muscular dystrophies, myositis, cancer cachexia, and sarcopenia. Adaptive responses of skeletal muscle are also significantly affected by dietary nutrient intake. A diet rich in healthy macro- and micronutrients enables positive muscle adaptation, while starvation or malnutrition negatively affects skeletal muscle health. Certain dietary practices, such as calorie restriction, may have varied effects on skeletal muscle remodeling in the short and long term. In this chapter, we will review the major cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in muscle remodeling and then discuss current knowledge of dietary effects on muscle remodeling under physiological or disease conditions.