Abstract
We have little systematic information to explain the heterogeneity of cartilage and bones as tissue, or of chondrocytes and osteocytes as differentiated cells. Does heterogeneity originate in the initial determination or setting-aside of precursor cells for chondrogenesis or is it an aspect of later stages of chondrocyte differentiation? These questions are approached in this chapter through an analysis of chondrocyte diversity, including how chondrocytes become differentiated from their precursor cells, how hypertrophic chondrocytes arise (including the roles of vascularisation, mineralisation [including the role of matrix vesicles], type X collagen and Bmps), how perichondria form, how the specific shapes of different cartilages are determined, and how hypertrophic chondrocytes drive the development of the transformation of perichondria into periostea under the control of growth and differentiation factors (Gdfs).
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