Abstract
Whether it is an organism or an enzyme, most biological activities function at their optimum only within a narrow range of environmental conditions. From growing cells in culture to sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or assaying an enzyme's activity, the success or failure of an experiment can hinge on paying careful attention to a reaction's components. This section outlines the mathematics involved in making solutions. This chapter covers how to make dilutions to new concentrations of percent, molarity, factor of X, and normality. This chapter shows how to calculate pH and how the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation is used to prepare a buffer having a particular desired pH.
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