Abstract
Generally, environmental analysis involves four steps: sample collection, sample pretreatment, instrument detection, and data processing. Sample pretreatment is one of the most important steps. Sample pretreatment involves extracting, purifying, and enriching the target components in the sample. Sample pretreatment enables provision of samples for subsequent instrumental analysis, preserving the analyte integrity and minimizing interferences from the matrix. Sample pretreatment is one of the crucial steps in environmental analytical chemistry, influencing the sensitivity, accuracy, and precision of the analytical methods. Extraction techniques are commonly practiced pretreatment methods. In this chapter, various extraction techniques are introduced, including solid-phase extraction (SPE), magnetic SPE, solid-phase microextraction (SPME), liquid-phase microextraction, cloud point extraction, and microwave extraction. Static and dynamic headspace (HS) techniques, HS SPME, and their application in environmental analysis are also covered.
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