Abstract
One of the leading and emergent technologies of today’s world is nanotechnology and its offshoots. This technology focuses on the synthesis and analysis of particles that fit the dimensions of 1–100nm. The contemporary synthesis processes in this field are based on either chemical or biological approaches that remain largely unscathed. In this study, we discuss the different chemical routes of nanomaterial synthesis that include ultrasound-assisted synthesis, colloid nanoparticle synthesis, and microreactor-based nanoparticle synthesis with respect to various metal salts and their stabilizing agents. The biological syntheses of Zn, Ag, and Se nanoparticles are also studied with a comparison to various natural reduction materials like plant and microbial extracts. These nanoparticles find their application in various disciplines where they are incorporated in nanoclay, polymer nanocomposites, and nanolatex. These applications, along with their capacity to degrade organic pollutants as photocatalysts, are also critically evaluated in this chapter. Furthermore, the scale-up issues that are faced in the production of nanoparticles and the contemporary challenges in this sector are investigated to pave the way for the development of the nanoparticle domain.
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