Abstract
Publisher Summary Tissue cultures have become increasingly important as they provide information on flavonoid biosynthesis and regulation of the corresponding pathways. The chapter discusses these two aspects. The large number of flavonoids is conveniently divided into 12 classes. Generally, the flavonoids occur as glycosylated and/or acylated conjugates. Flavonoids are composed of two aromatic ring systems A and B that are formed by different biosynthetic pathways. The β ring is derived from the shikimate pathway via phenylalanine. Oxidation of flavanones with oxygen leads to flavones. Glycosylation can take place at oxygen or carbon atoms of the aglycone. Acylation of flavonoid glycosides is a frequently occurring step at the end of the biosynthetic pathway of flavonoid conjugates. Transfer of acyl groups can take place to the sugar moieties and to the aglycones themselves. Many flavonoids contain prenyl side chains bound to different carbon atoms. Because the isoprenyl residue is transferred as a whole, it is interpreted as a conjugation reaction.
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