Abstract
Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART), the origin of plasma-based or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-like ambient ionization method, is a versatile technique that operates in open air, allowing for rapid, noncontact analysis of solid, liquid, and gaseous materials without any pretreatment of samples. Among other things, DART analysis can be performed directly on the surfaces of clothes, banknotes, fruits, and vegetables. Due to its other appealing features, such as high throughput and lack of memory effect, DART has been applied in forensic and safety applications (e.g., rapid screening of traces of explosives, warfare agents, or illicit drugs), as well as life sciences including metabolomics. This chapter introduces the principles of DART operated with helium gas, including detailed ionization mechanism, some technical applications for improving DART performance and sensitivity, and a novel discharge ionization technique argon gas, whose performance is comparable to helium DART.
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