Abstract
The practice of medicine requires that decisions are made with incomplete information, working in a background of high uncertainty. Statistical tools are methods for understanding and managing uncertainty and help guide decision making. This chapter discusses the nature of quantitative data, probability and variability, the concept of Bayesian reasoning, and the process of forming and testing a hypothesis using statistical methods. The types of statistical tests that are available and when each is best used are discussed and reviewed. The use of graphical methods, including the receiver-operating characteristic curve, receives special attention. We also discuss the use of mixed methods in comparative effectiveness research and the vital importance of overcoming cognitive bias in study design and the interpretation of research results.
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