Abstract
This chapter provides an explanation of fiber optics in sensor instrumentation. Fiber optic instrumentation has progressively evolved since early 1980, following the successful development of optical fiber networks for telecommunications applications. To a large degree, optical fiber sensor instrumentation has taken advantage of the maturing component market for telecommunications use. In addition, the development of compact disc (CD) systems has made available low-cost, high-reliability laser diode devices (both single-mode and multimode) that add further to the advancement of optical fiber sensor systems. Fiber optic sensors operate by the modulation of an optical carrier signal by some optical mechanism present in the sensing region that is itself responsive to the external parametric measurand field. Subsequent signal processing of the modulated carrier signal then relates these changes to variations in the measurand field of interest. There are a limited number of such possible optical properties that can be modulated in an optical sensor system. These can be identified as follows: intensity modulation, wavelength/frequency modulation, temporal modulation, and phase modulation.
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