Abstract
The precise perception of environmental signals is crucial for plant growth and development. Calcium (Ca2+) is thought to be the most versatile secondary messenger involved in the process in all eukaryotes. Calcium signals are the core regulators of plants’ response to multiple complex environmental stimuli. Changes of intracellular Ca2+ levels are elicited by stresses and then captured and decoded by calcium sensors including calmodulins (CaMs) and calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs), calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), and calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) in higher plants. Because of lacking a kinase domain, CBL protein often works with its target kinase CIPK (CBL-interacting protein kinase) protein, and then the CBL-CIPK complex phosphorylate the downstream target proteins in response to different external conditions. This chapter focuses on the basic characteristic of plant CBLs and CIPKs, and the biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of CBL-CIPK signal pathway responsing to various stresses.
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