Abstract
Environmental stresses including cadmium (Cd) have been increasing over time and continue to cause great losses for the agricultural sector. To better face Cd stress effects, plants adopt endogenous mechanisms, but in most cases they are not enough. Therefore, exogenous spermine, spermidine, and putrescine were applied to study their effects on Cd tolerance in wheat plants. The effects on growth and yield characteristics, physiobiochemical attributes, tissue health, and antioxidative defense system activity were assessed. An increased efficiency for wheat plants to tolerate Cd stress was noticed with each polyamine. Enhancements in all physiobiochemical attributes and reduced endogenous Cd2+ levels were correlated with reasonable growth of Cd-stressed plants and their grain yield and quality. The obtained results are important, as the potential of spermidine and putrescine (for seed soaking) to alleviate the harmful effects of Cd stress offer an opportunity to increase the resistance of wheat plants to grow well under Cd stress conditions.
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