Abstract
Several allotropes of carbon are increasingly used as functional scaffolds to prepare bioconjugate complexes in the construction of detection or delivery agents or to make novel nano-electrical devices in material science or biosensor applications. Spherical fullerenes (Buckyballs), carbon nanotubes, and single graphene sheets can be chemically modified to provide functional groups or reactive groups for further attachment of biomolecules or other ligands. The unique unsaturated nature of these scaffolds requires peculiar modification reactions to permit conjugation while not affecting their electrically conductive or spectral characteristics, including their potential use in biosensor circuits and as photosensitizers or fluorescent tags. This chapter reviews the various types and properties of these carbon allotropes and provides protocols for successful modification or conjugation using a number of reagents and reaction strategies.
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