Abstract
Any action or operation that has the effect of counteracting or neutralizing the effect of a previous operation is called the inverse of that previous operation. There is an inverse operation for each of the natural operations of addition and multiplication and the operation of exponentiation has two inverses. The chapter discusses the inverse operation for each of the natural operations of addition, multiplication, and exponentiation. As the failure of the system of counting numbers to provide closure for subtraction led to the development of the system of integers and the failure of this latter system to provide closure for division led to the development of the system of rational numbers, in the same manner, the rational numbers are found not to be closed for the operations that are inverse to exponentiation.
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