Abstract

This chapter explains the clinical and behavioral effects of neurofeedback (NFB). Most of the NFB involves multiple sessions repeated on at least a weekly basis, whose effects generally accumulate over time, reputedly as a result of neuroplastic changes in the brain. Sustained neurofeedback-mediated electroencephalography (EEG) changes in the ALPHA group resulted in a statistically reliable overall increase in corticospinal excitability (130%) and decrease in short intracortical inhibition (174%), when compared to the negligible longer-lasting changes in the BETA group, which showed less evidence of learning. Most importantly, correlation analyses revealed robust relationships between the historical activity of certain brain rhythms during neurofeedback and the resultant change in corticospinal excitability. The chapter concludes with the “missing link” between the historical long-term training effects of neurofeedback and direct validation of neuroplastic change after an individual session of training.

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