Abstract
Dyes used in textile industries are a major source of pollution. A wide range of untreated waste is generated and evacuated as effluents into the environment. This waste contains inorganic and organic pollutants and accumulation of these elements may cause deteriorations of human health and harm to the environment. The textile industry utilizes 50% of dyes, of which azo dyes comprise the largest proportion. Azo dyes and various other synthetic dyes, due to their persistent natures, have been reported to be mutagenic in nature. Degradation of toxic dyes can be achieved by physical, chemical, and biological processes, but the use of microbes for biological treatment is safe, economical, and eco-friendly. Decolorization of dyes takes place either by adsorption on the microbial biomass or by enzymatic degradation, thus converting it into less toxic substances. Thus an efficient degradation of toxic synthetic dyes can be achieved by mixed action or consortia of both bacteria and fungi.
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