Abstract
Accurate solar numerical weather prediction (NWP) requires proper data initialization to enable good cloud and solar insolation forecasts. This is achieved using mathematical data-assimilation (DA) techniques that substantially improve NWP model performance. Many such techniques are available, and all use various assumptions and approximations to adapt to operational requirements at the major global and regional DA centers. We review the major operational DA systems and explain how DA works, including its mathematical foundation, and we note important new research directions, identify trends, and discuss the future of all-weather NWP DA.
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