Abstract
Organic radicals can be divided into persistent free radicals (PFRs) and stable free radicals depending on their lifetimes. Carbon-based materials functionalized with PFRs are widely used in the remediation of soil. PFRs can not only reduce heavy metals from the soil but also degrade organic contaminants by direct electron transfer as well as via reactive radicals oxidation by sulfate radicals (SO4−) or hydroxyl radicals (HO) generated from persulfates or hydrogen peroxide activation. To grasp the formation of PFRs and their reactions with organic contaminants or heavy metals in soil, this chapter first focuses on synthesis methods of biochar (BC) and the mechanism of PFRs formation from BC. Second, direct and indirect PFRs—mediate removal of heavy metals and organic contaminants from soil—are reviewed comprehensively. Finally, the existing problems and current challenges of BC functionalization with PFRs in soil treatment are discussed.
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