Abstract
Circulators and isolators are N-port nonreciprocal devices providing one way sequential transmission of power between their ports. In these devices, there is very little loss of power in the forward direction, while the reflected power is absorbed in the termination. Circulators and isolators are used in various systems, where a transmitter and a receiver are connected with a common antenna system or where the operation of an oscillator should not be affected by signals reflected from the mismatched load. Circulators have found another common application as the coupling elements in reflection amplifiers, such as parametric amplifiers or tunnel-diode amplifiers. In most cases, circulators and isolators use ferrite materials. However, there are some new conceptions of nonreciprocal non ferrite devices that are considered in this chapter.
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