Abstract
Pipelines are indispensable in petroleum industries for the transport of various materials, including natural gas, crude oil of various types, and refined products. However, the additives and chemicals used to transport fossil fuel products are also crucial. Certain requirements concerning the purity of the product to be transported must be fulfilled. For natural gas, the water content should be kept below a certain level to reduce hydrate formation. In addition, oxygen and sulfur must be controlled effectively. Methods used to control presumptive corrosion include de-aeration and dehydration. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are the main corrosives in natural gas pipelines, but they are only aggressive in the presence of water. Therefore, sweetening and drying of the gas are useful to prevent corrosion. In oil pipelines, water emulsified in crude oil can causes corrosion. Emulsified crude oil in separated produced water is also an environmental and disposal problem. The most relevant parameters in pipeline transportation of heavy crude oil are velocity, viscosity, temperature, density, and pour point. Heavy crude transportation on trunk systems is done in a variety of modes including segregation, blending, and batching. Segregation requires separate pipelines; blending involves mixing crudes; and batching refers to shipping crude in discrete batches. Methods to enhance the transportability of heavy crude are oil-in-water emulsion formation, droplet suspension, dilution, the use of drag-reducing additives, and heating.
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