Abstract
This chapter summarizes relationships among the thermodynamic variables such as pressure, velocity, temperature, internal energy, entropy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, Gibbs free energy, and the composition variables. It applies the principles that are developed in the book named “Chemical Thermodynamics: Principles and Applications” to the description of topics such as effects of surfaces and gravitational and centrifugal fields; phase equilibria of pure substances (first order and continuous transitions); (vapor + liquid), (liquid+ liquid), (solid + liquid), and (fluid + fluid) phase equilibria of mixtures; chemical equilibria; and properties of both nonelectrolyte and electrolyte mixtures. Useful relationships for the ideal solution are thoroughly presented that relate the equilibrium temperature (melting temperature) and equilibrium pressure (melting pressure) to the mole fraction of the component that freezes from the solution to form a pure solid. This composition is often known as the ideal solubility.
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