Abstract
The transport sector contributes massively to the sustainable development paradigms, including economic, environmental, and social. The integration of sustainability into existing transportation systems is very challenging, and a variety of decisions ranging from strategic to operational must be made efficiently. Therefore, metaheuristics has been widely applied to solve efficiently the challenges of sustainable transportation. The aim of this literature review is to present some critical challenges faced by the authorities to implement sustainable transportation systems; and to provide an overview of metaheuristics to solve these challenges. We investigate two major streams: eco-friendly transportation and urban transportation. The former mainly refers to the environmental aspect of sustainable development and the latter to the social aspect.
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