Abstract
The pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) was first isolated from the eyestalks of the shrimp Pandalus borealis as a light-adapting hormone. In insects and nematodes, pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) has been identified. Crustacean PDHs and insect PDFs consist of 18 amino acid residues. Nematode PDF-like peptides, however, consist of 20–22 amino acid residues. All the identified PDHs and PDFs have amidated C-termini. PDH induces the dispersion of retinal screening pigment and integumental chromatophores, and regulates the phototransduction process and circadian entrainment in crustaceans. PDF regulates a wide variety of physiological phenomena, such as circadian rhythms, locomotor activity, courtship behavior, male sex pheromone production, and ecdysone biosynthesis.
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