Abstract
Water bodies get contaminants from natural and anthropogenic sources. Infectious ingredients of wastewater are released from hospitals, veterinary clinics, households, and industries and are harmful to the aquatic ecosystem. Aquatic animals are more vulnerable to these contaminants because of direct exposure to harmful to the water bodies. Different approaches, such as Ames bioassay, comet assay, and luminescent biosensor, are routine monitoring tools to assay infectious contaminants in wastewater effluents. The proposed chapter aims to review the classical and emerging approaches to assay the contaminants present in the wastewater. The source and type of contaminants will also be described. The emerging “-omics” technology including metagenomics, transcriptomics, metatranscriptomics, and metabolomics for toxicological assessment of water and other environmental samples will also be discussed. The discussion will cover the assay method for both culturable and nonculturable microbial contaminants for detection. All emerging methods such as high-throughput next-generation sequencing as well as fluorescence in situ hybridization, denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis, and biosensors will also be detailed in the current chapter.
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