Chapter 1 - System biology

Abstract

The discovery and development of genomics, epigenetics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics over the past few decades has aided researchers in understanding the human body at the molecular level. With the use of these techniques, researchers have created tools that can be used in a clinical setting for diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Understanding the human genome was greatly facilitated by the Human Genome Project (HGP) and has led to further discovery of associations between genetics and disease. Meanwhile, studying epigenetics has led to an understanding of how external factors can alter genetic expression. Transcriptomics allows for the researcher to appreciate the variability of the transcriptome which is not as stable as the genome as it can change based on the cell cycle, exposures, and aging. This allows for a better understanding of the cellular condition. Proteomics involves the investigation of protein profiles within a cell, organ system, or organism, and this information can be used in disease diagnosis as well as predictions on the best treatment options for an individual. Finally, metabolomics provides information on real-time biochemical processes of cell, tissue, or organism based on metabolites measured from tissue, saliva, or urine. All the techniques discussed in this chapter have uniquely aided in the progression of understanding the human body as well as helped advance the medical field. The information gain from these tools provide insights to disease development, patient response to treatment, and ultimately refine personalized medicine.