Abstract
The evolution of apparatus and techniques for the liquid-phase extraction of gas, liquid, and solid samples is described and their virtues placed in a modern context of the requirement for streamlined, efficient, low-cost, and automated sample preparation methods. Methods for gas-liquid extraction include impingers, bubblers, and denuders. For liquid-liquid extraction the characteristic features of continuous liquid-liquid extraction, multistage countercurrent distribution, liquid-liquid chromatography, steam distillation-solvent extraction, solvent sublation, salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction, aqueous two-phase extraction, micelle-mediated extraction, liquid-membrane extraction, liquid-phase microextraction, and segmented continuous flow extraction are described. For solid-liquid extraction shake flask, Soxhlet, ultrasound-assisted, microwave-assisted, and pressurized-liquid extraction methods are described. Sample extraction and cleanup using liquid-liquid distribution is described for complex samples with an emphasis on multianalyte methods.
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