Abstract
The observation program of a typical synoptic station is described both in manual weather station (MWS) and automated (AWS) modes. First, the selection of observing sites and the preparation of instrument land where the meteorological instruments are placed are described. The installation, using, and maintenance rules of instruments are presented. Time schedule of reading instruments and the automatic recording with mechanical and electric instruments are described. More details are dedicated to the essential climate variables, which often have long series of adequate quality and spatial density, and they are temperature, humidity, precipitation amount, wind direction and wind speed, atmospheric pressure, and sunshine duration. The observation of other climate elements including visual observations is briefly presented. Traceability assurance and instrument calibration issues are presented. The most typical sources of observation errors are discussed.
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