Abstract
Dairy foods are widely recommended in dietary guidelines of several countries, are heterogeneous in type, and contain both beneficial and harmful nutrients in relation to cardiometabolic diseases and mortality. Increasing attention in the scientific literature has been given to dairy foods, with controversies and confusion such as whether dairy (subtype) product intake should be consumed, whether they are related to cardiometabolic diseases and mortality, and whether they have a prominent role in healthy diets. The latest scientific evidence from large epidemiological prospective cohort studies confirmed neutral or beneficial associations between dairy foods and risk of cardiometabolic diseases and mortality. Interesting associations were found in Asian vs Western populations, but this has to be investigated further. The results should be placed in the context of observed heterogeneity, and potential residual confounding by healthy behaviours as well as the background diets. Future epidemiological studies should provide more details about dairy types and evidence from randomised controlled trials should be integrated with epidemiological studies to explore underlying mechanisms.
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