Abstract
This chapter deals with the thermochemical breakdown and the associated thermal reactions of solid fuels. It provides an overview of the behavior of different coals and types of biomass during pyrolysis, gasification, and liquefaction. It also examines how changes during these reactions can be accurately quantified and how these measurements can be improved. Subsequently, it sheds light on the development of methods used for analyzing and characterizing gaseous and liquid products from these reactions. Similar methods are applicable to petroleum derived heavy fractions. Most products formed during thermal breakdown are themselves reactive. Any interactions between reacting solids and reactive volatiles and their precursors have profound effects on the eventual product distribution. Thus, reactor design parameters, including local heating rates, flow rates, residence times, and the design of quench zones, all affect the outcome of the experiment. In this context, the chapter illustrates aspects of sample characterization, reactor design, and the evaluation of product distributions from these reactions.
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