Abstract
Aim. To evaluate the effect of cigarette smoke on water sorption and solubility of four adhesive systems. Materials and Methods. Sixteen disks of each adhesive system were prepared (Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose Adhesive (SA); Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose Adhesive System (Adhesive + Primer) (SAP); Adper Single Bond Plus (SB); Adper Easy One (EO)). Specimens were desiccated until a constant mass was obtained and divided into two groups (n = 8). One-half of the specimens were immersed in deionized water, while the other half were also immersed, but with daily exposure to tobacco smoke. After 21 days, disks were measured again and stored in desiccators until constant mass was achieved. Data were calculated according to ISO specifications and statistically analyzed. Results. The tobacco smoke only significantly affected the water sorption and solubility of EO. There were significant differences in both analyses among materials tested. The SB exhibited the highest water sorption, followed by EO, which demonstrated significantly higher solubility values than SB. The SA and SAP showed low water sorption and solubility, and there were no significant differences between the two. Conclusion. Regardless of smoke exposure, both simplified adhesive systems presented an inferior performance that could be related to the complex mixture of components in such versions.
Highlights
Many studies have shown that cigarette smoking is associated with deleterious health effects such as heart disease [1], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer [2], fertility problems [3], and periodontal disease [4]
Four adhesive systems were investigated in this study: two conventional adhesive systems (Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose Adhesive and Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose System (Primer + Adhesive)); one two-step etch-and-rinse system (Adper Single Bond Plus) and one self-etching adhesive (Adper Easy One)
The adhesive was directly applied to the metal mold, and a 60-second dwell time was used for solvent evaporation [28], followed by two seconds being gently blown with an oil/water-free compressed air at a distance of 10 cm
Summary
Many studies have shown that cigarette smoking is associated with deleterious health effects such as heart disease [1], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer [2], fertility problems [3], and periodontal disease [4]. Bond strength reduction has been described due to the fact that cigarette particles may prevent effective contact between dentin and resin composite [11]. The second category is the particulate phase. It consists of nicotine, water, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 μm in diameter [12,13,14,15,16,17]
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