Challenges in the conservation of endangered Rucervus eldii eldii McClelland in Keibul Lamjao National Park and Pumlen pat: an analysis of sediment and water quality of the floating natural habitats in the Indo Burma hotspot.

Correction to: Challenges in the conservation of endangered Rucervus eldii eldii McClelland in Keibul Lamjao National Park and Pumlen pat: an analysis of sediment and water quality of the floating natural habitats in the Indo Burma hotspot.

As a part of the monitoring process of the main polluting tributary of Loktak, the paper analyzed the water characteristics of the main polluted stretch of Nambul river i.e. Imphal Urban region. The results showed low pH (6.23 ± 0.32), high electrical conductivity (1373 ± 50.33 µSm−1), high turbidity (25.40 ± 0.90 NTU), poor dissolved oxygen content (0.53 ± 0.24 mgL−1), high nitrate, and phosphate concentrations (9.27 ± 0.40 and 2.05 ± 0.10 mgL−1, respectively). The Water Quality Index values indicate that Nambul river is unfit for drinking. Moreover, the Sodium Percentage, Sodium Adsorption Ratio, and Kelly’s Ratio revealed the unsuitable nature of the river for irrigation. Therefore, in order to clean the river water, lab scale microcosm experimentation was carried out to highlight the potential of the dominant macrophytes viz. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms and Pistia stratiotes (L.) as phytofilters. The results showed increased pH (7.6 ± 0.11 and 7.5 ± 0.1), higher dissolved oxygen content (5.87 ± 0.30 and 3.28 ± 0.30 mgL−1), less turbidity (0.60 ± 0.25 and 0.40 ± 0.15 NTU) and reduced nitrate and phosphate concentrations (0.37 ± 0.03 and 0.52 ± 0.01 mgL−1, and 0.534 ± 0.025 and 0.346 ± 0.01 mgL−1, respectively). Novelty statement The present study showed the deteriorating water quality of Nambul river, the main polluting source of Loktak – a Ramsar site in the Montreux records. Water Quality Index calculated was above the unsuitable level for drinking at all the sampling locations in the Imphal Urban region. Sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio and Kelly’s ratio were above the desired limit, making the river water unfit for irrigation. Further, the microcosm experimentation showed that the dominant macrophytes viz. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms and Pistia stratiotes (L.) can control the pollution level of Nambul.

Water is one of the most significant and vulnerable natural resources. The aim of our study presented here was to assess the sediment and water quality of Újpest backwater and its main influencing factors. The study area is located in the north side of Budapest, a backwater of the Danube river. An industrial region of the city, also serving as recreational area for nearby residents. The average water depth is 4,5 meters and the length of the backwater is 2200 meters. The most significant economic activity is the ship-building and maintenance. In order to assess water and sediment quality, a number of physical, chemical and the microbiological measurements were carried out on both water and sediment samples. The water samples were collected at two dates, while sediments samples were taken at one date in 2015. Sediment analysis included heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd), TPH and PAH measurements. Water quality analysis included chemical (NH3, NH4+, NO3-, Fe, pH value, conductivity, dissolved oxygen) and microbiological parameters. The results of the study showed that the sediment contained different types of heavy metals and hydrocarbons due to the industrial activities and transportation. During the analyses, we measured high Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, TPH and PAH concentration in the northern part of the backwater. Possible reasons of the high values include ship maintenance and repairing, ship traffic and road traffic. Measured high Pb, Cd, TPH and PAH concentrations in the sediment might carry environmental risks. Among the general water quality parameters, we found high Fe concentrations mist likely connected to railway traffic in the northern part of the sampling area, while microbial analysis showed only acceptable or lower counts.

Conversion of forested lands to agriculture or urban/residential areas has been associated with declines in stream and lake water quality. Less attention has been paid to the effects of adjacent land-uses on wetland sediment and water quality and, perhaps more importantly, the spatial scales at which these effects occur. Here we address these issues by examining variation in water and sediment nutrient levels in 73 southeastern Ontario, Canada, wetlands. We modeled the relationship between water and sediment nutrient concentrations and various measures of adjacent land-use such as forest cover and road density, measured over increasing distances from the wetland edge. We found that water nitrogen and phosphorous levels were negatively correlated with forest cover at 2250 meters from the wetland edge, while sediment phosphorous levels were negatively correlated with wetland size and forest cover at 4000 meters and positively correlated with the proportion of land within 4000 meters that is itself wetland. These results suggest that the effects of adjacent land-use on wetland sediment and water quality can extend over comparatively large distances. As such, effective wetland conservation will not be achieved merely through the creation of narrow buffer zones between wetlands and more intensive land-uses. Rather, sustaining high wetland water quality will require maintaining a heterogeneous regional landscape containing relatively large areas of natural forest and wetlands.

Fundão dam (Minas Gerais, Brazil) breached on 5 November 2015, releasing 50 million m³ of Fe ore tailings and dam materials into the upper Doce River system. The tailings travelled 670 km along the river system to the ocean. Starting on 17 November 2015, 6 days before the tailings reached the Doce River mouth, a water quality monitoring program with a daily sampling schedule was implemented by Samarco Mineração S.A. (Samarco) to assess the impacts on marine water and sediment quality. Between November 2015 and August 2017 water and sediment quality were monitored at 28 locations offshore from the Doce River mouth. The sampling areas were grouped by hydrological and metocean season (i.e., rainy and dry seasons and wave and wind climates), distance from the river mouth (<5 km, >5 km and within a Marine Protected Area), and water depth. The data were compared to the Brazilian water quality standards and prebreach conditions. Statistical tests were conducted to evaluate temporal and spatial trends and patterns. For the water quality parameters of relevance (total suspended solids, turbidity, total and dissolved Fe, Al, and Mn), pulses of concentration increases were observed right after the arrival of the plume in the coastal zone and during the subsequent rainy seasons. Exceedances of prebreach conditions were more frequent closer to the Doce River mouth. During the dry season, concentrations tended to decrease, reaching prebreach levels for a number of parameters, with small short-term pulses associated with metocean factors. For sediment quality parameters of relevance (particle size, Fe, Al, and Mn), Fe was the only one that clearly resulted from the dam breach, which was mediated by river influence and oceanographic factors affecting particle size distribution. Results indicated that the Fundão dam failure did affect water and sediment quality in the Atlantic Ocean, with greater impacts closer to the river mouth and immediately after the arrival of the tailings plume, with concentrations gradually returning to preevent levels over time. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:643-654. © 2020 SETAC.

The Nile Delta is a dynamic ecosystem; its coastal area receives water from the two estuaries of the Nile River (Rosetta and Damietta), the outlets of the coastal lakes (Mariout, El-Manzala, El-Burullus, and Edku), and the drains. Water quality is a complex term that can indicate the state of the water compared to standard criteria for use in specific purposes. It contains many physical, chemical, and biological factors, but the critical water quality factors are water temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen (ammonia/nitrate/nitrite), hydrogen ion concentration (pH), alkalinity, salinity and electrical conductivity, carbon dioxide, and turbidity. Estuaries are a mix between freshwater and marine water. Water and sediment quality were discussed for Rosetta and Damietta estuaries. Water quality of the Nile Delta coastal lakes is discussed for the four important lakes (Mariout, El-Manzala, El-Burullus, and Edku). Pollution, climate change, human activities, and fish farms are discussed as factors affecting water quality deterioration in the Nile River estuaries. The water quality index was introduced as single value representing water quality parameters. The spatial and temporal variations are presented in the Nile Delta estuaries. The pollution evaluation index is also discussed. Water management and environmental laws are briefly presented.

Site selection for shellfish aquaculture by means of GIS and farm-scale models, with an emphasis on data-poor environments

Recent biological inventory data shows severe declines in freshwater mussel abundance and biodiversity in the Conasauga River Basin in Northwest Georgia, USA. Based on assessments of habitat conditions, mussel populations should be sustainable. We conducted a study of sediment and water quality to evaluate the impact of anthropogenic contamination on mussel populations. Permeable membrane devices (PMD), polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS), conventional water and sediment quality analyses, and stable nitrogen isotope ratio analyses (delta15N) of snails and sediments were used to assess sediment and water quality at target sites throughout the basin. Ambient concentrations of organic contaminants in water were well below any aquatic life criteria; concentrations of some nutrients were detected above aquatic life criteria levels. Most mussel species in the river are endangered or threatened; therefore, snails were collected for delta15N analyses. Mean delta15N values for snails collected at forested upper watershed sites (national forest areas) were significantly lower than delta15N values from snails in agricultural areas. Delta15N values for raw cow manure and manure-treated soil were similar to delta15N values for snails collected in agricultural areas. Dissolved nitrate from water samples had elevated delta15N values similar to the upper range of delta15N values for snails in agricultural areas. Data, particularly stable nitrogen isotope data, indicates that a land use change from national forest land to agriculture alters nitrogen sources to the basin and snails. Implications of nutrient release on freshwater molluscan reproduction, growth, and survival are discussed.

The research was carried out to determine the extent of surface water and sediment pollution using the physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations. The surface water and sediment samples were obtained from 25 sites along the river on March 22 and September 5, 2019 at the main river influenced by the complex tidal regime and aquaculture practices in Ca Mau peninsular in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. The water quality was compared with international and national standards, while the sediment quality was compared with Vietnamese standards and pollution indices (geo-accumulation index, contamination factor, and pollution load index). Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to explain the main factors responsible for the observed levels of water pollution. The dependence of water quality parameters and variations in water quality due to tidal regimes and seasonality were also evaluated by statistical comparisons. Based on the logistic regression models, the temporal variability of selected water quality parameters was visualized using QGIS. The Delft 3D model was used to evaluate changes in hydraulic characteristics based on actual fieldwork. The concentrations of nutrients and organic compounds exceeded 2-3 times greater than the standard for surface water quality. The contents of heavy metals were below the standard for sediment quality and consistent with the background levels. The influence of the tidal regime and seasonality caused significant changes in water quality and its association with various flow regimes (P&lt;0.05). Three components based on the PCA accounted for approx. 79.84% of the total variance in water quality characteristics of which the first, second, third component explained for 53.64%, 18.43%, and 7.77% of total variance related to physicochemical properties and organic matter pollution, suspended solids and nutrients, and DO consumption, respectively. Water quality maps indicated pollution hotspots, and the extensive and improved – extensive shrimp culture practices were identified in connection to the changes in water quality. Changes in the river's hydraulic characteristics were influenced remarkably by the tidal regime as well as geomorphological changes. The results of the research addressed the gaps from the previous studies were to identify degradation of surface water quality was associated primarily with extensive and improved extensive shrimp culture. Seasonal factors and tidal regimes influenced significantly changes in water quality parameters. Pollution sources were specified by the principal component analysis. Spatiotemporal distribution maps of selected water quality parameters highlighted pollution hotspot. Changes in the river hydraulic characteristics were caused mainly by the tidal regimes as well as geomorphological changes. The selected water quality parameters responded as well as depended diversely to various flow regimes. The results could be useful not only to local policymakers in developing water management strategies but also to other rivers beyond the geographical regions.&#x0D; &#x0D; �

The biotic indices used in Rapid Bioassessment Protocol II (RBP II) developed by United States Environmental Protection Agency was used to assess the feasibility of using benthic macroinvertebates as bio-indicators for monitoring water and sediment quality in Ja-Ela stream, which is a lotic water body in the western coastal region of Sri Lanka. Five study sites to cover the entire length of the stream, which are in five different fringing land uses (undisturbed site, agricultural site, industrial discharge receiving site, densely populated urban site and a site close to the mouth of the stream) were sampled for water and sediment quality parameters and benthic macroinvertebrates from April to October 2015. Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H`), Hilsenhoff Family Biotic index (FBI), Taxa richness (TRI), and Ehemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) index were calculated for each site. Results indicated significant spatial variations in BOD5, COD, visibility, nitrate concentration and total phosphorus concentrations in the water, and total organic carbon content and particle size distribution in sediments. The highest mean values for H' (2.38), TR (13.6) and EPT (6.2) were recorded from the undisturbed site. Significantly higher FBI values are recorded from the industrial discharge receiving site (6.97) and the urban site (6.81), indicating that they are the most polluted sites with higher degree of organic pollution than other sites. These biotic index values showed significant correlations with sediment and water quality characteristics of the study sites (R2 &gt;0.5, p&lt;0.05) The H', EPT, FBI and TR values for benthic macro-invertebrate community showed that the upstream portion of this stream is habitable to pollution sensitive taxa, while the downstream areas close to its opening to Negombo estuary are habitable by pollution tolerant taxa. Results of the present study identified the RBP II as a possible bio monitoring protocol to reflect the water and sediment quality in the Ja-Ela stream.

Irrigation water quality analysis and monitoring is tricky task in semiarid tropics (SAT characterized) experiencing water scarcity. Conjunctive use of water in SAT have emphasizes on surface and ground water quality analysis for increase in agricultural production. Surface water quality analysis is carried out for reservoir water, canal flow, return flow and streams for a Devarabelakere, Village in Harihara Taluk in Davangere District of Karnataka State, India. It is located 12 Km towards west from Davanagere and 9 Km from Harihara. Devarabelakere pickup is constructed at downstreamof the Bhadra Reservoir at a distance of 136.00 Km. The total catchment area of this sub-project is 2106.90sq. Km. of which 1338.90 sq.Km SAT. Average Water quality index in the pre and post monsoon season for surface water was found between in the range of 51 to 75 and falls in the poor water quality status and suitable for irrigation and industrial purpose. Ground water sampling is also carried out at Deverabelekere command area and water quality index in pre and post monsoon seasons was found between the range 26 to 50 and falls in good water quality status and used for drinking, irrigation and industrial purpose. Although WQI shows many of the water samples were suitable or fit for irrigation, calculated other indices such Kelly’s Ratio (KR), Permeability Index (PI), Magnesium Absorption Ratio (MAR) with higher values covering all factors makes the water unsuitable which influences the irrigation water quality. In the study area the crops grown like Sugar cane in area of 28 ha, Plantation crop in area of 34 ha and Semi dry plant grow in 1152 ha and efficiency was found 37.03 % in post monsoon season for canal water and 44.38 % in pre monsoon due to temporal variations in season implicating the yield which is addressed by this paper.

Seasonal variations in the water quality of a tropical wetland dominated by floating meadows and its implication for conservation of Ramsar wetlands

The combined impact of land use change and aquaculture on sediment and water quality in oligotrophic Lake Rupanco (North Patagonia, Chile, 40.8°S)

Factors controlling seagrass growth in a gulf coastal system: Water and sediment quality and light

Increasing population growth, economic and industrial development will lead to the utilization of natural resources effected on water pollution. One of those activities related to natural resource utilization is gold mining. Mining activities cannot be separated from the use of chemicals that are harmful to living things; for example, it is mercury. This study aims to determine levels of mercury (Hg) that accumulate in water and sediments. The tools used in this research are QGIS 2.18.27 software and Global Positioning System. The material used is water and sediment samples. Water and sediment samples were analyzed at the Industrial Standardization Research Institute Laboratory to obtain several potential parameters such as hydrogen (pH), mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb), Iron (Fe), and Copper (Cu). These potential parameters are further analyzed using the Pollution Index (PI) method and Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs). The results demonstrated that the water quality in downstream of Krueng Kluet sub-watershed in for 2019 using the Pollution Index (PI) method for the drinking water (Class I) with the value is 6.2036. It is classified as moderately polluted water quality criteria and for the agricultural water (Class IV) with the value is 6.0796, classified as moderately polluted water quality criteria. The quality of sediments in the downstream of Krueng Kluet sub-watershed using the sediment quality guidelines method with the value is 0.2343 is classified as an adverse effect for the biota of heavy metals on medium value. This shows that neither the water quality nor the sediment in the downstream of Krueng Kluet sub-watershed does not accord with the water and sediment quality standards. Pollution Index can assess the quality of water bodies and becomes a consideration in taking actions to improve water quality. At the same time, SQGs show chemical concentrations that have biological effects on aquatic biodata.