Abstract
Malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes are localized in different cellular compartments and fulfil important functions in intermediary metabolism. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, three malate dehydrogenase genes, MDH1, MDH2 and MDH3, encoding mitochondrial, cytosolic and peroxisomal variants, have been identified. We demonstrate the importance of transcriptional activators Hap4, Cat8 and Pip2 for the carbon source-dependent regulation of MDH1, MDH2 and MDH3, respectively. The control region of the MDH2 gene required for gluconeogenic growth with C(2) substrates contains three sequence elements similar to the previously identified carbon source-responsive element (CSRE). In a synthetic test system, each of these sequences turned out to be a weak UAS element showing a strong synergism when present in multiple copies. Cumulative mutagenesis of the natural MDH2 promoter confirmed the contribution of all three elements to transcriptional derepression under non-fermentative growth conditions. The DNA-binding domains of zinc cluster proteins Cat8 and Sip4 synthesized in Escherichia coli could interact in vitro with CSRE motifs of MDH2. This result was confirmed by binding assays using protein extracts from yeast. Deregulated variants of Cat8 and Sip4 modified by heterologous transcriptional activation domains were able to alleviate glucose repression of MDH2 substantially. Although Sip4 turned out as the less effective activator, our findings demonstrate the general significance of both proteins for expression of gluconeogenic structural genes.
Published Version
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