Abstract
In the present study, canthaxanthin was produced by biofermentation from Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1 (D. natronolimnaea) and was loaded in phospholipid vesicles prepared with natural component using an easy and low dissipative method. Indeed, glycerosomes, hyalurosomes, and glycerohyalurosomes were prepared by direct hydration of both phosphatidylcholine and the biotechnological canthaxanthin, avoiding the use of organic solvents. Vesicles were sized from 63 nm to 87 nm and highly negatively charged. They entrapped a high number of the biomolecules and were stable on storage. Canthaxanthin-loaded vesicles incubated with fibroblasts did not affect their viability, proving to be highly biocompatible and capable of inhibiting the death of fibroblasts stressed with hydrogen peroxide. They reduced the nitric oxide expression in macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharides. Moreover, they favoured the cell migration in an in vitro lesion model. Results confirmed the health-promoting potential of canthaxanthin in skin cells, which is potentiated by its suitable loading in phospholipid vesicles, thus suggesting the possible use of these natural bioformulations in both skin protection and regeneration, thanks to the potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiageing effects of canthaxanthin.
Highlights
Carotenoids are tetraterpene pigments that are yellow, orange, red, and purple coloured and naturally occurring in the chloroplasts of photosynthetic bacteria and several species of archaea and fungi, algae, plants, and animals [1]
Canthaxanthin was obtained by biofermentation using D. natronolimnaea HS-1 and an enzymatic hydrolysed molasses as substrate
According to the present results, Gharibzahedi et al [19] previously used the molasses as a substrate to produce canthaxanthin and found that a low concentration of molasses (25 g L/L) caused an improvement of its synthesis, whereas high levels of this carbon substrate led to the inhibition of its production
Summary
Carotenoids are tetraterpene pigments that are yellow, orange, red, and purple coloured and naturally occurring in the chloroplasts of photosynthetic bacteria and several species of archaea and fungi, algae, plants, and animals [1]. Carotenoids play important roles in animals, as they are precursors of vitamin A, such as photoprotectors, antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, enhancers of immunity, and contributors to reproduction; they are necessary to maintain normal health and behaviour. Given that, they are extensively used as colourants and functional molecules in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries [2,3]. They are extensively used as colourants and functional molecules in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries [2,3] They are among the most abundant pigments in nature Carotenes are hydrocarbons only containing carbon and hydrogen atoms, and the most abundant
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