Calcium phosphate formation on plasma immersion ion implanted low density polyethylene and polytetrafluorethylene surfaces

Abstract

The flexible structure of polymers has enabled them to be useful in a wide variety of medical applications due to the possibility to tailor their properties to suit desired applications. For a long time, there has been an increasing interest in utilizing polymers as matrices for calcium phosphate-based composites with applications in hard tissue implants. On the other side, polymers with application as heart valves, urea catheters and artificial vessels present a case where the formation of minerals (namely calcification) should be avoided. The modification of polymer surfaces by various ion beam treatments for reducing the calcification, as for example plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII), is well known and has a long time effect. This work is part of a wider investigation of the ability of plasma immersion ion implanted polymers to induce calcium phosphate formation from an aqueous solution resembling the human blood plasma. In the experiment described in this paper, topographical and chemical changes were inserted on the surfaces of two conventional polymers (low density polyethylene and polytetrafluorethylene) by PIII with nitrogen ions, and under conditions mimicking the natural mineral formation processes. The effect of the plasma modification on the calcium phosphate nucleation and growth from the aqueous solution was ambiguous. We suppose that the complex combination of surface characteristics influenced the ability of the plasma treated polymer films to induce the formation of a calcium phosphate layer.