Abstract
The purpose of these studies was to analyse and compare the content of bromine in samples of chicken eggs, feed, and water from different regions of Ukraine in the dynamics of 2016 – 2020: with an increased risk of bromine in products (Kharkiv, Poltava, Dnipropetrovsk and Mykolaiv regions) and outside the risk zone (Volyn, Vinnytsia and Zaporizhzhia). Studies of bromine content in eggs, feed, and water were performed in the laboratory of toxicological monitoring of the National Scientific Center "Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine" (Kharkiv) using X-ray fluorescence analysis. As a result of the conducted researches, the increase of the bromine content in chicken eggs in the dynamics of 2016 – 2020 was established: the bromine content increased regardless of the region of the poultry farm location. The highest bromine concentration in chicken eggs was found in Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Mykolaiv, and Zaporizhia regions. Bromine source in poultry products is the excessive intake of bromine in the poultry body with alimentary environmental factors (feed and water). Bromine content in feed for chickens increased in the research dynamics (from 35.1% in the Poltava region to 2.5 times in the Zaporizhzhia region). It exceeded the established EFSA (4.4% of the total) and the average in Ukraine (51.2% of the total number of samples). In addition, the average bromine content in feed from poultry farms of the studied regions of Ukraine correlated with the number of registered and approved bromine-containing pesticides. The average bromine concentration in water sources in the studied regions of Ukraine had no significant differences compared to the beginning of the study but exceeded the maximum allowable concentration by 21.7% in 2016, 34.8% in 2018 and 39.1% in 2020. The maximum bromine concentration was in water sources in Mykolayiv, Kharkiv, and Dnipropetrovsk regions.
Highlights
Eggs are a valuable food product used directly for food or frozen egg products and dry powders production.Chicken eggs are one of the most useful products in the daily diet of a person, especially children
It should be noted that the data on the content of bromine in chicken eggs is not enough: the content of bromine from 4 different regions of China, found its average content (5.51 mg.kg-1), the minimum value was 1.66 mg.kg1 and a maximum of 10.7 mg.kg-1, and the average bromine content in chicken eggs from Pakistan was of 7.3 ± 0.5 mg.kg-1 [26]
The bromine content in feed for chickens increased in the dynamics of research and exceeded the established EFSA (4.4% samples of the total quantity) and the average in Ukraine (51.2% samples of the total quantity)
Summary
Chicken eggs are one of the most useful products in the daily diet of a person, especially children. They contain all the necessary nutrients and biologically active substances absorbed by the human body [19], [20], [28]. Fats (fatty acids), enzymes, and vitamins, egg white and yolk contain minerals (macroand micronutrients). Chicken eggs are a source of iron, phosphorus, sulphur, calcium, chlorine, potassium, magnesium, and sodium. In small quantities contain silver, aluminium, boron, barium, bromine, cobalt, chromium, copper, fluorine, iodine, lithium, manganese, molybdenum, rubidium, selenium, silicon, strontium, titanium, vanadium, and zinc. Eggs may contain heavy metals such as arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, mercury, lead, thallium and others in small concentrations. Eggs may contain heavy metals such as arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, mercury, lead, thallium and others in small concentrations. [21], [30], [43]
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