Abstract
In 1970, the Brazilian government started the project of building the large highways in the Amazon, highlighting the Transamazon, linking the region from East to West, and BR-163, known as Cuiabá-Santarém, from South to North — highways that crossed each other opened axes of penetration and integration. On the 16th of June, 1970, the Plan of National Integration (PIN) was created. The displacement of peasants from areas submitted to “demographic pressure” is made official and the speech of connecting the landless man of the Northeast to the manless land of the Amazon is put into practice in a chaotic and socially unfair way. In December 1974, the highway Cuiabá-Santarém was opened to the public. In Mato Grosso, the road would motivate the penetration of large agricultural projects and the colonization commanded by private groups. In the state of Pará, in the stretch between Santarém and Rurópolis (at the crossing of Cuiabá-Santarém and Transamazon), the colonization directed to small landowners is predominant, commanded by the National Institute of Colonization and Land Reform (INCRA). Along all the road, the appreciation of the land, the attraction of migratory currents and the land speculation had immediate impacts to the local population — especially the indigenous ones. Our final consideration allow us, for the sake of concluding, to claim that the successive changes in the “development plans” according to the political and economic conjunctures, contributed to the failure of the great majority of colonization projects. Our conclusion is directed to some variables that points to the unsustainability of the regional development model: An excluding model: in the effort of choosing an image which is revealing of the environment of the present frontier I would say that it is of exclusion. A productivist model: after twenty year it is agribusiness that, notably in Mato Grosso, has the strongest development, supported by the necessity of Brazil obtaining income from exportable goods such as soybean. Deforesting and continuous fragmentation of Amazon forest.
Highlights
Brazil is one of the few countries in the world where new spaces are continuously integrated on the costs of disrespecting the populations of the Amazon Forest, marginalizing a significant portion of its population and transforming the natural and rural space
The regional development assumed two kinds of action: (a) Public Policies of structure development, so that it could be coherent to the speech of “landless men” to “manless land”, in the chart of the National Integration Plan (PIN, in the original) and selection of projects for the agriculture colonization coordinated by the National Institute of Colonization and Land Reform (INCRA, in the original) and Development Poles; (b) Private action based on investments in several sectors of the economy, mainly cattle raising, mineral extraction and industrialization
Between 1970 and 1974, the National Institute of Colonization and Land Reform (INCRA) prioritized the settlement of poor settlers in the States of Rondonia and Mato Grosso, according to a proposal from the project POLONOROESTE, serving three basic goals: (1) economic goal: promote agriculture aiming at increasing the production of food to supply the domestic market as well as for exportation; (2) demographic goal: stop the rural exodus and reorient the flow from the large metropolis in the South-west to the Amazon; (3) social goal: decrease the social tensions provoked by large land properties in the apparently profitable large farms of cattle raising during the time of meat high prices
Summary
Brazil is one of the few countries in the world where new spaces are continuously integrated on the costs of disrespecting the populations of the Amazon Forest, marginalizing a significant portion of its population and transforming the natural and rural space. Between 1970 and 1974, the National Institute of Colonization and Land Reform (INCRA) prioritized the settlement of poor settlers in the States of Rondonia and Mato Grosso, according to a proposal from the project POLONOROESTE, serving three basic goals: (1) economic goal: promote agriculture aiming at increasing the production of food to supply the domestic market as well as for exportation; (2) demographic goal: stop the rural exodus and reorient the flow from the large metropolis in the South-west to the Amazon; (3) social goal: decrease the social tensions provoked by large land properties in the apparently profitable large farms of cattle raising during the time of meat high prices. Land Reform (INCRA) changes its goals according to the political moment, for example, when it changes the social colonization of option for the poorer producers (1970-1974) to the commercial colonization, characterized by the sale of land to big farmers (1975-1979)
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