İBN HALDÛN’A GÖRE MEDENİYETİN GELİŞİMİ VE ÇÖKÜŞÜ

Abstract

The paper presents Ibn Khaldun’s theory of civilization in terms of development and collapse. Those who follow Ibn Khaldun’s introduction must find that he has excelled in building a theory for the concept of civilization. Established a theory in sociology of great importance, namely (the theory of urbanism), as he showed that human societies are based on precise and specific laws, and these laws It opens the door to a great deal of prediction for the future in terms of the development and collapse of civilizations, if properly studied and understood. The research first deals with the definition of civilization (both in terms of language and convention), as Arab dictionaries have unanimously agreed that civilization is a state of civilization against nomadism, while many scholars have argued that it is a set of scientific, literary, artistic, as well as social aspects that exist in society, The research also dealt with the conversation about Ibn Khaldun’s life and the stages he went through, as it had the greatest influence in building his theory, while the second section of this research dealt with the most important causes and factors that led to the development of civilization from Ibn Khaldun’s point of view, and one of the most important of these factors was : (Geographical natural factors, the transition from nomadism to urbanism, politics, wealth, and justice). The research also discussed the most important reasons that lead to the collapse and fall of civilization, and among these reasons were: the predominance of Arabs over homelands, the control of the nature of ownership, the division of the state To two states, injustice and the resulting impact on civilization, and civilization is the end of urbanization and the beginning of its end. It is worth noting that Ibn Khaldun foundations for a theory in sociology of great importance, namely (the theory of urbanism), as he showed that human societies are based on precise and specific laws, and these laws open the way for a great deal of prediction for the future in terms of the development of civilizations and their collapse if It has been properly studied and understood, for its science of architecture is not affected by individual incidents and behaviors. Rather, it is a general whole, meaning that it is affected by societies as a whole, and then this theory is not limited to its application to a specific time and place. It applies to all places and timesIn his introduction, Ibn Khaldun studied many different sciences, such as the sciences of Sharia, geography, politics, urbanism, and sociology, without forgetting about the conditions: and natures of people. He divided his book “Introduction” into six chapters The first chapter: It was in human construction, in which he saw that cooperation between human beings is an important and unavoidable issue, as the basis for human survival and food attainment does not depend on one individual but on the group He also linked temperature and community building closely. Hot areas, for example, are difficult to live and build in, while relatively cold and temperate regions are more suitable for living and building civilization. Chapter Two: Ibn Khaldun believes that building civilization begins with providing food, clothing and housing, then devotion to adornment and contemplation comes, and then he clarifies the idea that the Bedouins are satisfied with the necessities of living other than the luxuries that cities are looking for. As for the lineage, according to Ibn Khaldun, it extends to four grandparents only, and before that is just a pride that has no basis, because the honor of morals is not transmitted by heredity and blood. And he says in this section: The nations that are accustomed to laziness and lack of stubbornness are easy to gain control over them and thus their rule