Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an orbivirus within the Reoviridae family that comprises viruses with double-stranded, segmented RNA genomes. BTV is transmitted by Culicoides vectors and infects wild and domestic ruminants, particularly sheep where disease was first observed in the late 18th century in Africa. In subsequent years, BTV has gradually spread worldwide, causing high morbidity and mortality in sheep, cattle and goats. Due to its high agricultural and socioeconomic importance, BTV has been studied extensively and is now one of the most well-characterized viruses. This review is centered on the molecular and structural dissection of BTV with a view to understanding the role of each protein in the virus replication cycle and the molecular mechanisms of virus entry, replication, assembly and egress. Further, the recruitment of host proteins and the molecular epidemiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis of the virus are discussed. Lastly, current vaccines are discussed including novel approaches that maximize protection and safety and offer exciting possibilities for future disease control.
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