Abstract
Bisphenols are widely used in the synthesis of polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, and thermal paper, which are used in manufacturing items of daily use. Packaged foods and drinks are the main sources of exposure to bisphenols. These chemicals affect humans and animals by disrupting the estrogen, androgen, progesterone, thyroid, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor functions. Bisphenols exert numerous harmful effects because of their interaction with receptors, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell signal alterations. Both cohort and case-control studies have determined an association between bisphenol exposure and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, reproductive abnormalities, obesity, and diabetes. Prenatal exposure to bisphenols results in developmental disorders in animals. These chemicals also affect the immune cells and play a significant role in initiating the inflammatory response. Exposure to bisphenols exhibit age, gender, and dose-dependent effects. Even at low concentrations, bisphenols exert toxicity, and hence deserve a critical assessment of their uses. Since bisphenols have a global influence on human health, the need to discover the underlying pathways involved in all disease conditions is essential. Furthermore, it is important to promote the use of alternatives for bisphenols, thereby restricting their uses.
Highlights
Bisphenols (Bisphenol A (BPA), Bisphenol B (BPB), Bisphenol C (BPC), Bisphenol S (BPS), BisphenolF (BPF) and Bisphenol AF (BPAF)) are phenolic organic compounds (Table 1)
Another study from China reported that increased urinary BPA levels of both girls and boys are related to increased body mass index [81]
Observed that BPA exposure induces oxidative stress in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children, which results in mitochondrial dysfunction and behavior impairment [128]
Summary
Bisphenols (Bisphenol A (BPA), Bisphenol B (BPB), Bisphenol C (BPC), Bisphenol S (BPS), Bisphenol. The general population is exposed to bisphenols, both directly (through oral and/or topical routes) and indirectly (through environmental pollution and/or food chain) [5,6,7,8,9,10] Due to their extensive uses and long-term discharge from plastic products, humans always have a concentration of bisphenols in their body fluids, even without intentional exposure [11,12]. Bisphenols are metabolic disruptors, and even early-life exposure at low concentrations can result in in impaired metabolic functions and toxicity to several organs or systems. BPA is is known to to interact with with therapeutic drugs and drugs and may may affect affect the the outcomes outcomes of of chemotherapy chemotherapy [42].
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